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| 1. |
Antenna
with 9 segments |
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| 1'. |
Antenna
with 10 segments |
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2
(1).
.
|
Head
in both sexes with a short horn. Apical region of pronotum declivous.
(Argentina) |
Eremobothynus
Ohaus 1910 |
| |
2'.
.
. |
Head
lacking horns, instead with a transverse carina. Apical region of
pronotum not declivous. (Southwestern United States) |
.
Aphonides
Rivers 1889 |
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3(1).
.
. |
Small
species, generally less than 15 mm in length. Head lacking carina,
tubercles, or horn (rarely with a trace of tubercles). Pronotum lacking
tubercles or fovea. Posterior tibia strongly broadened towards apex |
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3'.
.
.
.
.
. |
Larger
species, generally greater than 15 mm in length. Head with transverse
carina (on subapex of clypeus or frontoclypeal suture), tubercles,
or horn. Pronotum usually with tubercles (rarely obsolete in Aphonus,
Indieraligus, Collagenus, some Tomarus, occasionally Philoscaptus)
and usually with a fovea or sulcus behind tubercles. Posterior tibia
not strongly broadened apically |
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4(3).
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Color
black |
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4'.
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Color
rufous or reddish-yellow |
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5
(4).
.
.
|
Pronotum
completely and distinctly punctate. Propygidium lacks stridulatory
striae. Southern United States through South America |
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5'.
.
|
Pronotum
virtually impunctate. Propygidium with stridulatory striae. African
genus with one species introduced into southern Brazil |
.
Heteronychus
Burmeister 1847 |
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6
(4).
.
|
Posterior
femur greatly thickened, apex of posterior tibia greatly expanded.
Peru
. |
.Pentodina
Endrödi 1968
|
| |
6'.
.
. |
Posterior
femur normal, apex of posterior tibia not greatly expanded. Honduras
to Brazil and Peru
> |
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7
(3).
.
.
.
.
|
Size
large (30–35 mm). Color rufous. Mandibles without teeth on external
margin. Male with central horn on head, pronotum with a strong bifurcate
tubercle or horn. Anterior tibia with a small, basal, fourth tooth.
Posterior leg with basal tarsomere very wide. Propygidium without
stridulatory striae. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia |
.
.
Thronistes
Burmeister 1847 |
| |
| 7'. |
Not
with above combination of characters |
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8
(7).
|
Clypeal
apex acute, unidentate |
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8'.
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Clypeal
apex bidentate, truncate, or rounded |
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9
(8).
.
|
Mandibles
large, tridentate. Southern United States, northern Mexico |
Oxygrylius
Casey 1915 |
| |
9'.
.
|
Mandibles
smaller, nearly hidden by clypeus, lacking lateral teeth. South America |
Oxyligyrus
Arrow 1908 |
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10
(8).
|
High,
transverse carina present immediately behind apex of clypeus |
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10'.
|
Transverse
carina absent immediately behind apex of clypeus |
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11
(10).
.
.
|
Transverse
carina (usually tridentate) just behind apex of clypeus. Pronotum
without tubercles. Size generally less than 17 mm. United States west
of the Rocky Mountains |
Aphonus
LeConte 1856
|
| |
11'.
.
.
.
|
Transverse
carina just behind apex of clypeus entire or bidentate. Pronotum tuberculate
or not. Size generally greater than 17 mm. Central and SW United States,
Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras |
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12
(10).
.
.
|
Mandibles only slightly visible
from above or hidden under clypeus; outer edge arcuate, not toothed
or convexly rounded |
|
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12'.
.
|
Mandibles distinctly visible from above; outer
edge toothed or convexly rounded or lobed |
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13
(12).
.
.
.
|
Clypeus strongly narrowed toward
apex, apex narrowly bidentate. Color castaneous to black. Canada
to Chile
.
.
|
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13'.
.
|
Clypeus not strongly narrowed toward apex, apex
broadly truncate. Color fulvous to rufocastaneous |
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14
(13).
.
. |
Frontoclypeal suture present, deeply
impressed, strongly arcuate either side of middle. Head lacking horns
or tubercles. Length 14 mm or less. Honduras to Brazil and Peru |
|
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14'.
. |
Frontoclypeal suture absent. Head with horns, tubercles,
or low boss. Length 18 mm or greater |
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15
(14).
.
.
|
Small horn (males) or tubercle (females)
present next to each eye. Apex of pronotum declivous with subapex
weakly to strongly bituberculate. Panama, Colombia, Ecuador |
.
Pucaya
Ohaus 1910
|
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15'.
.
|
Paired horns or tubercles absent. Center of head
with, at most, a low boss. Apex of pronotum evenly convex |
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16
(15).
.
|
Clypeus with apex strongly emarginate,
reflexed, apical rim thin. Center of head slightly tumid. Prosternal
process long, columnar. SW United States, N. Mexico |
..
Coscinocephalus
Prell 1936
|
|
|
16'.
.
.
.
|
Clypeus with apex broadly parabolic, apical rim
strongly thickened (Fig. 2). Center of head with strong, elevated
carina, carina complete from side to side. Prosternal process small,
rounded. Venezuela |
.
Collagenus
Ratcliffe and Hardy 2005
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| 17
(12). |
Mandibles entire or lobed on lateral
edge |
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| 17'. |
Mandibles
distinctly tridentate (1 apical tooth, 2 lateral teeth) |
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18
(17).
. |
Apex of clypeus narrowly bidentate.
Ecuador (Galapagos Islands) |
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18'.
|
Apex
of clypeus truncate, acute, or narrowly rounded |
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19
(18).
.
.
.
|
Clypeus abruptly constricted at apex;
tip elongate, narrowly truncate or rounded. Males with head horn,
pronotum with bifurcate horn; females lacking horns. Color piceous
(females) to grey-tomentose (males), opaque. Brazil, Argentina |
.
.
Diloboderus
Reiche 1859
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19'.
.
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Clypeus regularly acuminate, subtriangular. Horns
absent. Color castaneous, shining |
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20
(19).
.
.
.
.
|
Pronotum
lacking distinct apical fovea, sulcus, or tubercle or fovea either
side of middle; marginal bead absent on base. Scutellum impunctate.
Base of pygidium, lateral edge of abdominal sternites and meso- and
metatibiae with extremely long, dense setae. Puerto Rico |
.
.
..Indieraligus
Dechambre 1979 |
| |
20'.
.
.
.
.
|
Pronotum
with distinct apical fovea, sulcus, or tubercle or fovea either side
of middle; marginal bead present on base. Scutellum with punctures.
Setae present on meso- and metatibiae, pygidium, or sternites but
extremely long setae absent |
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21(20).
.
.
.
.
.
|
Clypeus
strongly convex on dorsal surface. Frontoclypeal suture strongly
elevated into a transverse, weakly bituberculate ridge. Pronotum
with a shallow, ovoid concavity in median half behind subapical
tubercle (male) or with subapical rounded swelling (female). Elytron
with sutural stria and 3 feebly indicated discal striae. Mexico |
.
.
.Gillaspytes
Howden 1980 |
| |
21'.
.
.
.
.
.
|
Clypeus not strongly convex on dorsal surface,
either weakly convex in basal half only or weakly concave. Frontoclypeal
suture with a transverse tubercle only. Pronotum lacking a shallow,
ovoid concavity in median half behind apical margin, instead a median
longitudinal sulcus or a shallow fovea either side of middle. Elytron
with sutural stria and 4–5 punctate-striate rows on disc |
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22(21).
.
.
.
|
Apex of clypeus narrowly truncate.
Tubercle on head entire. Pronotum with shallow fovea either side of
disc; subapical sulcus and apical tubercles absent. Metasternum setigerously
punctate in anterior half only. Paraguay |
.
.
Heikeianus
Endrödi 1978
|
| |
22'.
.
.
.
.
.
|
Apex of clypeus narrowly rounded. Tubercle on head
feebly emarginate. Pronotum without fovea either side of middle; both
sexes with a weak, subapical, longitudinal sulcus (weaker in females),
and males with an apical, emarginate tubercle. Metasternum completely,
setigerously punctate. Panama, Costa Rica |
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23(17).
|
Propygidium with stridulatory striae
or granules |
|
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23'.
|
´. Propygidium lacking stridulatory striae
or granules |
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24(23).
.
|
Apical segment of maxillary palpus
expanded, triangular. South America |
Hylobothynus
Ohaus 1910
|
| |
24'.
.
|
Apical segment of maxillary palpus normal, cylindrical.
Mexico through South America |
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25(24).
.
.
|
Elytron with sparse, minute punctures,
appearing smooth. Clypeus on sides constricted at base. Southern Brazil |
.
Aceratus
Prell 1936 |
| |
25'.
.
|
Elytron distinctly punctate or punctate-striate.
Clypeus not constricted at base |
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26(25).
.
.
.
. |
Body form suboval, stout, strongly
convex on dorsum. Surface coarsely punctate-striate. Frontoclypeal
carina short, less than 1/3 width of base of clypeus. Pronotum evenly
convex or with a trace of an apical tubercle. Argentina, Uruguay,
S. Brazil |
.
.
.
Philoscaptus Bréthes 1919
|
| |
26'.
.
.
.
.
|
Body form more elongate, less stout, not strongly
convex on dorsum. Surface variably punctate. Frontoclypeal carina
long, interrupted at middle or not or replaced by 2 distinct tubercles.
Pronotum with or without apical tubercle and subapical fovea. Canada
to Chile |
.
.
.
Tomarus
(in part)
Erichson 1847
|
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|
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Literature
cited:
Dechambre, R.-P. 1986. Insectes coléoptères Dynastidae. Faune
de Madagascar 65: 1-215. |
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